The remains of Bridgnorth Castle stand within a Victorian public garden atop high cliffs in Bridnorth’s High Town, overlooking the River Severn.
Castle History
The castle was begun in 1101 by Robert de Belleme, Earl of Shrewsbury, who abandoned his father’s caste at Quatford in favour of this clifftop site. The castle may stand on the site of an earlier fortification erected by Ã?thelflæd of Mercia in AD 912. Alternatively, Ã?thelflæd stronghold may have stood on Panpudding Hill, to the south-west.
De Bellame’s choice of the more easily defended site may have been prompted by his tensions with Henry I. De Belleme rebelled against the king the following year, and Henry marched on Bridgnorth at the head of an army.
He besieged the newly-built castle, whose defenders lasted three weeks before surrendering, and De Belleme was exiled to Normandy.
Henry I strengthened the castle defences, and in 1137 he granted the castle to Hugh De Mortimer. In 1155 Mortimer refused to surrender the castle to Henry II, prompting a second siege. This had the same outcome as the first; the defenders held out briefly but were forced to surrender. After this point, Bridgnorth Castle remained in royal hands.
it was Henry II who added the square stone tower that is the castle’s major remaining feature.
The castle was extended in the 12th century and again in the 13th century, when the outer bailey was made an official part of the surrounding town. Despite these efforts to strengthen the castle, it ceased to have military significance and was reported in a state of decay by 1281.
The castle was occupied briefly in 1321 by barons at odds with Edward II, but repairs were sporadic and in the 16th century the antiquarian John Leyland wrote that the castle wards ‘now goe [sic] totally to ruin.’
Ruins of the Great Tower
Civil War
During the Civil War, Bridgnorth was firmly in the Royalist camp and the castle was garrisoned for the king. Oliver Cromwell’s Parliamentarian army besieged the castle in 1646. The defenders held out for three weeks but were eventually forced to surrender.
Cromwell ordered the castle to be slighted to make it unusable for military purposes. In the wake of the Civil War destruction, stone was robbed to repair other buildings in the town.
A surviving postern gate was blown up in 1821 because it obstructed traffic.
The Leaning Tower
The only major part of the castle still standing is a section of the Great Tower. The tower was so badly damaged in the Civil War that it leans at a remarkable 15 degrees, approximately four times the inclination of the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa.
A Farmer’s Misplaced Hammer Led to the Largest Roman Treasure in Britain
November 16, 1992 was the day which changed Suffolk-resident Eric Lawes’ life in a huge way. What he thought would have been an innocent search for a hammer he had misplaced on his farm in Hoxne Village, Suffolk, England ended up bringing him much more than he had bargained for — namely, uncovering the hiding spot of a long-hidden treasure.
Based on the Guardian’s coverage of the story, Eric Lawes had been previously gifted a metal detector upon his retirement as a parting token. He decided to put his retirement gift to good use in order to locate the hammer which he had had some trouble finding.
According to a 2018 Smithsonian Magazine article, when the device started recording that there was a strong signal coming from the earth, he knew that he was about to discover something big. As he started digging, it soon became clear to him that he had unearthed a treasure trove.
Hoxne Village. Photo by Duncan Grey CC BY-SA 2.0
The Guardian reports that, when Lawes saw that his preliminary digging had yielded a few gold coins and silver spoons, he immediately contacted both the local archaeological society and the police department.
Archaeologists came to the property the following day and had the area of earth holding the treasure carefully sectioned-off and removed. Their hope was that at a later stage, in their laboratory, they could examined the items in order to identify both their age and how they were stored.
Hoxne Hoard: Display case at the British Museum showing a reconstruction of the arrangement of the hoard treasure when excavated in 1992. Photo by Mike Peel CC BY-SA 4.0
When all was said and done, close to 60 pounds of items made from silver and gold were found on the site. These included more than 15,000 Roman coins, 200 gold objects, and several silver spoons.
For archaeologists, this find — which later became labeled as the Hoxne Hoard — was an incredible discovery. AP News reported that archaeologist Judith Plouviez was over-the-moon about the discovery, saying that it was “an incredibly exciting and amazing find.” What’s more, another archaeologist, Rachel Wilkinson, told Smithsonian Magazine that this discovery was “the largest and latest ever found in Britain.”
Hoxne Hoard: Coins. Photo by Mike Peel CC BY-SA 4.0
Ordinarily, archaeologists would use radiocarbon dating as a means of identifying the age of ancient relics. However, they couldn’t locate any suitable material from the haul. Consequently, they determined the age by examining writing on the coins, as well as the ruler carved into them, estimating that the treasure was probably buried in either 408 or 409 AD.
The silver “Hoxne Tigress” – the broken-off handle from an unknown object – is the best known single piece out of some 15,000 in the hoard. Photo by Mike Peel CC BY-SA 4.0
Roman-era archaeologist Peter Guest told Smithsonian Magazine that “if you look at them a little more carefully, then they should be dated to the period after the separation of Britain from the Roman Empire.”
He offers as part of his evidence the fact that almost all of the coins found in the Hoxne Hoard were clipped – in other words, small chunks of their edges had been taken off. These clippings would have been used to create coins which were similar to the Roman coins of that era.
A silver-gilt spoon with a marine beast from the Hoxne Hoard. Currently in the British Museum. Photo by JMiall CC BY-SA 3.0
Guest has a logical reason for this, arguing that “The Roman Empire wasn’t supplying Britain with new gold and silver coins, and in light of that, the population tried to get over this sudden cutoff in the supply of their precious metals by making the existing supplies go further.”
Reconstruction of the Hoxne treasure chest. Photo by Mike Peel CC-BY-SA-4.0
Archaeologists also believe that the treasure belonged to a Romano-British family. During that time, considering that there was so much societal discord and upheaval, it was common for Romans who had settled in Britain to bury their most prized possessions.
Two gold bracelets from the Hoxne Hoard, in the British Museum. Photo by Fæ CC BY-SA 3.0
That said, one archaeologist is of the belief that the hoard had a lot of sentimental value for the Romano-British family to whom it is believed to have belonged. In her book The Hoxne Late Roman Treasure: Gold Jewellery and Silver Plate, Catherine Johns claims that the manner in which the treasure was kept supported this claim.
Some of the items which were recovered had been packaged in small, wooden boxes which were lined with leather. What’s more, pieces of wood, locks, and nails, among other things, surrounded the gold and silver pieces. This leads Catherine to assert that the package was carefully buried and not simply chucked away in a rush.
Three silver-gilt Roman piperatoria or pepper pots from the Hoxne Hoard on display at the British Museum
Interestingly enough, the items unearthed might shed some light on the identity of the family who owned them. They cite a gold bracelet bearing the inscription “UTERE FELIX DOMINA IULIANE,” which roughly translates to “use this happily Lady Juliane”.
A second name “Aurelius Ursicinus” has also been discovered. This has consequently led some to believe that Juliane and Aurelius were the couple and the original owners of the treasure. That said, that has yet to be confirmed.
Two toiletry items, one in the shape of a crane-like bird; the other with an empty socket, probably for bristles for a makeup brush. Photo by Fæ CC BY-SA 3.0
All in all, the discovery was a real treasure for archaeologists, and by extension, for Lawes. According to Smithsonian Magazine, in recognition of his discovery and willingness to contact authorities, the British government rewarded him with over £1.7 million, an amount which he shared with the farmer whose land was dug out in order to get the treasure.
Funnily enough, apart from the treasure, Lawes also found his lost hammer — which now resides in the British Museum.
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