Gebelein Man was the first Predynastic mummy to go on display in the British Museum’s first Egyptian Room. In fact, the only other Gebelein mummy to be exhibited to the public occasionally is the lone female in the group.

So remarkably well-preserved was Gebelein Man’s corpse that not only were his facial features and hair still visible, a wound on the surface of his skin under his left shoulder blade could also still be seen. But it was more than a hundred years later that its sinister significance was understood.

Plate from By Nile and Tigris volume 2, published in 1920 showing how the body of Gebelein Man was displayed in the British Museum at that time. (British Museum / Public domain)

Death by Murder Most Foul

Twenty-first-century advances in forensic technology brought the next big breakthrough in understanding how Gebelein Man lived … and died. To carry out the examination, in 2012, Gebelein Man, who’s rarely been moved since first going on display in 1901, was carried carefully on a duvet and taken by van to the nearby to Bupa Cromwell Hospital. Here, he was subjected to high-resolution scans, just 30 seconds of scans giving enough data for a detailed look at his insides. The data was then examined using a virtual autopsy table. The technology, from Sweden, allows virtual rotation, enlargement, and cross-sectioning of skin.

Dr Daniel Antoine, the museum’s curator for physical anthropology, told the BBC in 2012: “There’s a wound on the surface of his skin, which people have been able to see for the last 100 years, but it’s only through looking inside his body we’ve seen than his shoulder blade is damaged and the rib under the shoulder blade is also damaged. All of this suggests a violent death.” He died by murder, in short.

The scans of Gebelein Man’s skeleton revealed he was a young, muscular man aged between 18 and 21 years at the time of death. The scan of his shoulder wound showed that it was a penetrating wound that had gone through his left shoulder blade and ribs to puncture the left lung. The wound was thought to be a fatal one as it was severe and there was no sign of healing around the muscle and bone.

The skeleton bore no defensive injuries, leading investigators to conclude that he was taken by surprise and died a quick death. Thus, he was probably killed by a murderous stab to his back during peacetime.

The murder weapon would have been a pointed instrument that was either a projectile point or a dagger. A copper or silver dagger was most likely. And copper and silver blades 6-6.5 inches (15-16.5 centimeters) long and 1.5-2 inches (4-5 centimeters) wide were common in Egypt at the time of his murder. Almost the entire length of such a blade was pushed into his back in the attack that caused his death.

Top: Infrared image of the male mummy known as Gebelein Man. Lower left: Detail of the tattoos observed on his right arm under infrared light. Lower right: The mummy and tattoos under normal lighting conditions. (British Museum blog)

Gebelein Man’s Figural Tattoos: Oldest in Africa!

But that is not the end of the story. Gebelein Man had other surprises in store for researchers. When the bodies of Gebelein Man and Woman were re-examined as part of a conservation program in 2018, another extraordinary discovery was made. Faint smudges on their arms, hitherto thought to be unimportant, were revealed under infrared scans to be tattoos. This pushed back earliest evidence of the practice in Africa by a thousand years.

The man’s tattoos, moreover, were figural, representing two slightly overlapping horned animals, thought to be a wild bull with a long tail and impressive horns and a Barbary sheep with curving horns and humped shoulders. The woman’s tattoos were more abstract and difficult to interpret.

Hitherto, the only evidence for tattooing from the Predynastic Egypt came from abstract tattoos etched on female figurines, leading archaeologists to believe that tattooing of women was practiced as part of fertility rites in this period

But Gebelein Man has completely rewritten the earliest evidence of the practice to include males and figural tattoos as well. The motifs tattooed on his upper arm led researchers to believe that Predynastic Egyptian men may have sported tattoos as symbols of virility and strength.

For more than 125 years, Gebelein Man’s remains have provided fascinating insights into Predynastic Egypt. And now, thanks to modern science, we know that Gebelein Man was attacked from behind by an unknown murderer nearly 5,400 years ago!